There is considerable occupational variation in state public labor laws and occupational or group unionization. For example, professional firefighters have non-controversially gained the greatest access to collective bargaining rights, which has permitted a high union membership rate of 77 percent (Farber 2005). Firefighters are prohibited from bargaining in only two states, while only four states allow bargaining as a local option but do not allow agreements to be legally enforceable. Another 14 states permit firefighter collective bargaining as a local option with enforceable agreements, and the 30 other states provide a duty to bargain, potentially enabling firefighter collective bargaining in 44 states. In midst of the recent controversies over public-employee labor laws, firefighter collective bargaining has remained stable, although concession bargaining (contracts under which employees need to accept lower wages or make larger contributions to health and pension funds or both) has been widespread. In contrast, teacher collective bargaining laws since 2010 have been a target of substantial reform or elimination in states such as Idaho, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Ohio. In 2010, 35 states had laws that required teacher collective bargaining, while five states prohibited teacher collective bargaining; the other states provided various local options, leading to a teacher union-membership rate of 70 percent (Farber 2005). Dissatisfaction over educational outcomes and achievement, along with new opportunities to launch potentially profitable education businesses, a financial and economic crisis, and public disdain of perceived superior conditions of employment for teachers, has led some politicians to seek to restructure the legal employment frameworks for teachers. This type of political ebb and flow provides some of the variation across occupations, states, and time that this research utilizes to investigate the impact of public-sector labor-law frameworks.
Cba Financial Statements 2010 Winter
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